Category Archives: guitar

Update noise measurement

Following a suggestion from “enjon” I tried the Room EQ Wizard to get a somewhat more meaningful SNR measurement. Here’s the result:

For the moment I’m happy with -116.1dBA, although there’s still a little room for improvement. The low frequency noise could be reduced somewhat, by moving the HP filter cutoff frequency up a notch, closer to the lowest string frequency.

Of course this still doesn’t compare with professional audio measurement gear but it’s definitely better than my initial simple RMS readout. Alas, I do miss having easy access to an Audio Precision Portable One like back in the days at ZKM.

Three more update tidbits:

  1. The guitar is connected via 10m of un-shielded (neither per pair nor overall) CAT-5 (Mogami 3367 to be precise). So for the moment I’m quite happy with the robustness of this new A2B link. Will have to see how it behaves under stage conditions.
  2. Initial tests were battery-powered. Switching to ordinary 12V supplies resulted in increased noise. So I ended up buying a top-notch supply from Funk Tonstudiotechnik – highly recommended gear if you’re willing to invest a bit more.
  3. As this was not a measurement with shortened inputs but pickups connected, I had to heavily dampen the strings as well as the guitar itself on the table. Without this it acted like a seismometer where any truck passing by four floors below would introduce significant rumble into the system.

A digital brezel

(Brezel is German for pretzel and it’s what the good folks at former citymusic, Karlsruhe mockingly called my guitar when they saw it the first time. Somehow the name stuck…)

As mentioned in my first post about the new guitar, one goal was to do the analog-to-digital conversion right inside the guitar, to cut noise and hum and other interferences to an absolute minimum.

I know that many guitar players are kinda strangely immune to the constant 50/60Hz buzz from their rig, but I hang out a lot with the Berlin echtzeitmusik scene where musicians often play so reduced, that any fridge or what-not gets disconnect before the show, so its ambient buzzes and gurgles don’t interfere with the music (except when the fridges are part of the line-up of course). There’s also certain experimental playing styles where I have to apply a lot of gain where it helps to have a super-low noise floor.

Converting a guitar to digital also means that one has to modify the whole system, including all the other guitars. So I decided to start this process with my old guitar, in order to gain some experience towards an optimized implementation for the new guitar. It’s also the guitar with the smallest compartment for the electronics, so I wanted to make sure the design would fit in there.

Here’s the analog & converter section of the board:

There’s a transistor stage that’s tuned for the high impedance input required by piezo pickups, followed by an OpAmp that does the proper conditioning of the signal towards the ADC inputs, like filtering and balancing. I picked the TI OPA2209 for its low noise floor of 2.2nV/sqrt(Hz).

The ADC is a Cirrus CS5366 which is their best multi-channel option. The CS5381 has better noise figures but it’s only stereo, so then I’d need 3 of them which introduces other problems. The situation for AKM chips is similar.

Finally, there’s the LT3045 regulator. Getting the power supply right is just as important as the chips in the signal chain, so I picked an ultra-low noise type with a high PSRR.

So how low could I get the noise in the end? Well, I don’t have professional audio measurement equipment, so take my numbers with a grain of salt. I simply ran the signal into a MaxMSP patch and fed it into an RMS meter. The lowest I could get was -108dB, which required quite some tweaking – at this level even 1cm of exposed, un-shielded cable picks up quite a bit of hum. I also gave the compartment a proper conductive coating at long last.
In any case that noise figure is close to the theoretical limit of 114dB that the CS5366 datasheet lists, so I stopped further tweakings for the time being

Converting the guitar signal to digital is of course only half of the job – you also need a way to send it across a cable. In the past I had used ADAT and MADI for multi-channel digital transmission. These days it’s all about Ethernet-based protocols like Dante and AES67. However, in the end I opted for an automotive protocol called A2B, which is easier to implement with a smaller PCB footprint:

It still requires (semi-) advanced PCB techniques, like impedance-matched signal routing. Still, with a ~50Mbaud data rate not half as complicated as Gbps-Ethernet (of course you can buy modules that do it for you, but those don’t fit in this guitar. They’re also expensive). A2B allows for “only” 32 signals on one bus, but that’s plenty for my current scenarios. It supports bi-directional communication which will come in handy for the new guitar where I also want to send signals back!

At the receiving end, things are not quite as cleaned up yet: the A2B transceiver is still on a perfboard that is patched into an MCH Streamer from MiniDSP which serves as the USB interface. Plus an extra Teensy to do configuration via I2C. Still lots of work ahead!

More Guitars!

Just a quick note that there’s now three guitars on my workbench. Shortly after Julia I also got contacted by Jörg Hiller again, as we never fully got the robo-tuners on his Fender working.

If you look closely you can see the modified Tronical system on the back of the headstock.

At that rate I might be able to switch to full-time guitar projects soon!!

Fretlets of a different kind

Who would have thought that fretlets would become a “theme” so fast. While still crazy busy installing the fret scanning system in my new guitar (see previous post), I got approached by local guitar player Julia Reidy about the possibility of modding a guitar for unusual tunings, e.g. just intonation or Asian tuning systems like slendro.

This is not a new idea of course – there’s many examples of such guitars and one can even buy necks with certain tunings. The challenge though was to build this in a way that would allow for experimentation, i.e. with flexible fret positions.

After some research we came across the Youtube channel of Tolgahan Çoğulu and decided to try something similar. The way he approached the problem was to cut long channels into the fretboard and then put fretlets on small pieces of wood that can slide inside these channels.

Our first experiments were done on an old beater guitar of Julia’s. I decided to use little pieces of brass instead of wood to put the fretlets on:

The trick is to get the size of the channel just right, so the friction keeps the brass piece in, but allows for it to be moved around.

Here’s the neck with 10 pieces:

After this proof of concept, we moved on to the actual guitar. I had an old fretless guitar that I had stopped playing decades ago, so it was the perfect instrument to bring back to life for this.

Of course, cutting the channels with the required precision (<0.1mm) was another job for the CNC. Sadly the longest cut I can make with my current machine is 400mm, so I couldn’t do the whole length of the neck in one pass…

…but with some extra effort I eventually got it done:

And here’s a picture by Julia with the majority of the fretlets installed:

Looking forward to the music!

Fretlets

As mentioned at the end of my last post it was now time to finally get some frets into the neck. While usually not such a big deal, the plan was to put a fret-scanner in, which made this task “slightly” more complicated.

There’s two main ways to accomplish fret-scanning. The first one views the strings and the frets as a 2D-matrix, where you send time-multiplexed pulses down the strings and pick them up at the frets. The advantage of this is, that you have to do less wiring (one wire per fret), but you do need to isolate the strings from ground, which I found a bit problematic to achieve. There’s also issues regarding electric interference from the pulses.

The second approach is to divide the frets into 6 isolated segments. This means a lot of mechanical work and a lot of wiring, but the detection circuit is much simpler. Each MCU input is programmed with an internal pull-up resistor, and then you just have to watch for the voltage to drop to zero as the string touches the fret.

Here’s the first few fretlets, as I decided to call these fret segments:

Each has a wire soldered to it that pokes out at the back of the neck

Bringing all these wires (6 x 19 = 114!) to a centralized location wouldn’t work of course, so instead I installed little MCUs right into the back of the neck, one per fret. This, again, was cut with the CNC, using a very small endmill:

There was a limit to how far I could use the CNC though. Taking the curvature of the neck into account would have required a precise scan, and preferably also an additional axis to tilt either the guitar or the toolhead. I wasn’t quite willing to run an extra loop of figuring all this out, so I decided to carve the channels from the MCU to the fretlets with a manual tool.

And here with a chip wired up:

Needless to say that all this carving took a long long time…

…and got complicated at the neck-body joint:

Also had to install some spring-loaded pin-headers to connect to the body electronics.

The individual MCUs are all connected by a daisy-chained SPI bus. The overall update frequency is about 1kHz.

The chips and wire-channels will eventually be covered with clear shellac, but I’ll wait with this until I’m absolutely sure that I won’t have to re-program the MCUs again. So far the detection seems to work quite well though

New Guitar Case Amp

Ever since I started making music again in ~2013, my main guitar amplifier has been the very case that the guitar travels in. I use this for all solo performances, as well as my duos with Werner Cee, Chris Abrahams, and most notably IMD with Axel Dörner.

The idea to use transducers to turn its shell into a speaker had intrigued me for a long time, however previous attempts had failed simply because the first cases I tried this with were made of ABS plastic which kinda sounds like a wet sack. So only after I came across a guitar case made of epoxy did this whole idea come to fruition.

I put in a total of 6 transducers to go with my 6-channel per-string processing that I’ve been employing for all my setups during the last 30 years. Their different locations also means various filtering effects as sound is panned across the outputs. I do compensate for this in software to a certain extend, however for the most part I embraced this natural behaviour.

One issue you run into when setting the whole shell into vibrations is that you have to make sure to dampen any mechanical buzz that can emanate from basically anything that’s connected to it, most notably the latches. So in the end I removed them all, but then kinda struggled to find a replacement to keep things shut tight.

A rubber band:

Sail-boat like posts

And this is what I use today – an ordinary suitcase belt…

Here’s some more pictures of the inside:

8-channel amplifier (50W Class-D)

6-in, 8-out sound card (XMOS dev. board)

Despite this mess, the guitar still fits in and can be safely transported.

In fact I installed a pannier handle and can lug my whole setup with my bike (at least to local gigs)

So why “new guitar case amp”? Well, lately the original build has been cracking at the seams – I had to replace broken transducers, fix cabling, and various mechanical issues. I also wanted to upgrade to a beefier power supply and type of transducer as well as a better soundcard. Mostly though, the whole effect processing should be embedded as originally intended, rather than always connecting a laptop externally. Moreover, as the new guitar will have a digital output, this needs to be reflected by the overall system design. So, as often, too many things to modify at once…

Sometimes then, it’s helpful when outside events force your hand a bit and you gotta move forward with a partial build. In this case that’s a concert I’m playing next Wednesday (Aug 26th) with Axel at Au Topsi Pohl, where I thought it would be a good idea to have a new blog post along with the newsletter invitation. If you read this in time and wanna come, make sure to rsvp on their website (because, you know, COVID-19 and limited seats and all)

Anyway, here’s some pictures of the current state:

New transducers

New soundcard

Cleaner wiring

But no embedding yet and no digital guitar link either. Stay tuned for updates on that!

Lots of sanding and polishing

Not much to write about the last 6 weeks – it’s been mostly sanding and polishing a lot. But wanted to share some pictures as it always feels quite rewarding when you’re done with the finest sandpaper and apply some wax.

The bottom and the sides still need to be done, though..

Next I plan to do a 3D scan of the top, so I can further deepen the back pockets without accidentally breaking thru the front. Also need to get started on the frets!

Welcome 2020

I’m making yet another attempt at trying to bring this website back to life. Will start by posting some pictures of the new guitar I’ve been building since early 2018.

I’ve set the publication dates to when I actually did the work, so if you prefer to read this chronologically you might wanna start down at the bottom of this page, or use the individual post links on the left.

More shaping

In 2019 I didn’t make much progress with the guitar at all, mostly because my day job kept me busy for much longer than planned. On top of that I moved both our home and my shop (into one location actually).

So it took until April 2020 that I sprung the CNC machine back to life and continued giving the guitar further shape. Here you can see it working on the neck-body joint:

To properly cut the neck contour I had to go beyond the 2.5D approach and go full 3D. In a move to use more open-source software I opted for FreeCAD (also switch to kicad for PCB design recently).

3D tools have a much steeper learning curve of course, so it took me a while to come up with this first design:

Here’s that section after some manual sanding:

While I started applying this 3D approach to the body as well, I realized that it was way too much work just to give all the edges a 5mm radius, so from there on out I went back to good old files and sand paper.

Here’s how that turned out for a section of the back:

I also applied the manual approach to shape the head-stock. Here’s a picture of its back:

With strings!

body shape

As you can see from my previous posts, the CNC machine was used for much more than originally intended. So as a next step it came naturally to also apply it to fine-tuning the body shape.

As CamBam isn’t really the best tool to draw Bezier curves, I resorted to good old Adobe Illustrator to draw the outline:

Although not trivial, this could then be exported as DXF and then imported into CamBam to base the toolpath on.

I had to order an extra long end mill tool to cut all the way down from 40mm height to ground (took a while too…)

This slope actually done manually:

The next design decision was not what I had planned (although one guitar maker had warned me when I bought the ziricote). The problem was that this slab of wood was darn heavy:

More than 50% above a standard Strat body:

So as I needed a lot of room for electronics anyway, I decided to cut pockets everywhere, turning this axe into a semi-acoustic (or maybe quarter-)

Much better now :)